Liberalism

Marxism

Fascism

Political change
by means of . . . .

Gradual, voters choose between centrist party candidates

Revolution

Counter-revolution

Who is to blame?

Single party rule dominated by one person, imposed monopoly of ideology, propaganda, media censorship, secret police, purges, fear

Fascism produced by bourgeois liberal monopoly capitalism

Liberalism destroys tradition and promotes equality leading to Marxism

Attitude toward War

Goal is a world without war—after aristocrats are dead

Goal is a world without war—after capitalists are dead.

War is morally uplifting, a means to glory, enables heroic grand passions.

Means versus ends

Constant calculation of the good of the many versus the good of the few. Majority rule consistent with the protection of the "existential" (identity-based) interests of minorities. Violence can only be used to protect or expand individual liberty, consistent with the liberty of other individuals.

Violence only a temporary means to an end, minimal because short and only of majority against ruling minority

No conflict: the ends always justify the means

Relation to "The Enlightenment"

Sanctity of the individual

Sanctity of the individual

Individuals have no moral worth:
Devotion to the state represents the highest form of morality.

Main force of antagonism

Against monarchy and statism, any monopoly of religion, socialism, and anarchism

Against capitalism (economic liberalism), fascism and religion

Against socialism, liberalism, anarchism and "The Enlightenment"