A) A revolutionary movement using anarchic street violence; [led to]
B) Mass movement strategies to influence public opinion [to install]
C) An authoritarian government of order--opposed to democracy that;
D) Appeals to tradition; and
E) Employs an intellectually complicated ideology.

A) attitude toward war,
B) violence, and
C) means to an end.

War is good for its purifying, uplifting effects on culture.

In contrast, there is no such conflict within Fascism, which glorifies violence, especially in assuming and exercising power.

"The [Nation-] State in itself," Hitler wrote, "has nothing whatsoever to do with any definite economic concept or a definite economic development. It does not arise from a compact made between contracting parties, within a certain delimited territory, for the purpose of serving economic ends. The State is a community of living beings who have kindred physical and spiritual natures, organized for the purpose of assuring the conservation of their own kind and to help towards fulfilling those ends which Providence has assigned to that particular race or racial branch" (Mein Kampf, I, iv).

Political Nihilism. The belief that the destruction of all existing political, social, and religious order is a prerequisite for any future improvement.

Syndicalism: a socialist political movement advocating the control of production and distribution of goods, and ultimately of the government, by federated bodies of workers (unions). ["An anti-authoritarian version of socialism" meaning opposed to parliamentary socialists—Marxist in vocabulary, but anarchist in ideals.]

Fascism was expansive and unlimited in its goals.

He compromised with the papacy, monarchy, army bureaucracy and big business.

Herder rejected the concepts of the rights of man in a state of nature and elevated the particular attributes of Germans as Germans.

Historicists developed the concept of a "Spirit of the Age" that drives history and creates historically conditioned rights specifically for Germans, in contrast to all of humanity. This expressed a desire to restore continuity with the past while preserve its valuable aspects.

The people do not exist as a people without the activity of the state.

The Nazis abused history to search for scapegoats, to explain a feeling of dispossession in the modern world and blaming all problems on the Jews. They believed that Germans have created themselves as Germans by the specific qualities of their collective actions.

A charismatic leader who intuitively and instinctively fulfills the spirit of the people as a whole rather than the instincts of a mob or the impersonal rule of law.

Racism is built on the belief that the mind is the correlate of physiological structures—any spiritual or intellectual product may be explained genetically in terms of its physical origins. All cultural achievements can be explained biologically.

As a racially superior people, German had the right to impose domination by force. Germany needed "living room" or space for the expanding German population as a young nation that should displace old, tired nations.

The only experiment with liberalism— the Weimar Republic--represented a government that was so weak and decadent that it came to embody all the sources of decline and failure that Germans had experienced in the previous fifty years.

Germans had been educated to disdain parliamentary government.

They believe that the perennial incompetence of the masses causes all organizations to drift toward oligarchy.Fascists believe that masses never have any consequence until an elite imposes a form upon them by force or by fraud. Nationalist ideologues believed that the masses have a need to submit to individuals who incorporate ideals, rather than to ideals alone.

Fascist policy uses force to reduce people to a pliable mass and seeks to replicate this model on the world at large—a world in which the slave races serve the Master German Aryan race.

Consolidated power in the hands of Hitler—the Fuhrer, uniforms, pomp, ritual, discipline and activism using shock formations (ruffian gangs of unemployed former military servicemen) brought a great deal of attention to the party.

The Nazis subdued, subordinated, and infiltrated but never destroyed academic, religious and professional associations. The Nazis built organizations in every academic, social and professional group. They established their own private army, tribunals, police and military formations. They promoted their own cult using slogans and a distinctive morality.

The Nazi party promoted a vision of strengthening the German national state. They attacked divisiveness and humiliation by opposing class struggle, political parties, trade unions, parliamentary government and the Treaty of Versailles. The Nazis promoted racial purity as a means to overcome their humiliation.

The Nazis abandoned the socialist promises in order to gain the support of business groups and to stimulate the economy for wartime production.
Hitler compromised with German industrialists in order to build a war economy for his project of unifying the German people and subduing the world.

In the process of pursuing world domination, Hitler’s Nazi government became overextended and provoked a countervailing coalition—uniting everyone against them—and was consequently defeated.

It is the final stage of capitalism trying to preserve itself in the face of imminent collapse by nationalist expansion and war.

The frightened middle classes and industrial elites support repressive and integrative solutions to the problem of peasants and workers becoming part of urban masses without security or support.

The creation of mass society and a sense of threat both internal and external strengthened the Germans’ predisposition toward authoritarian rule. The lower middle classes, workers and uneducated people share a disposition to an authoritarian personality.

Authoritarianism benefits the professional managerial elites—labor leaders, army leaders, civil servants and production managers’ class by enabling its members to act more efficiently by suppressing the interference and obstacles of democratic institutions.

The new liberal middle class and fifty years of experience as a democracy have created an egalitarian, participatory political society that precludes effective traction for communitarian nationalist parties. European political integration does restrain racism and xenophobia.

They can gather 5-10% support in electoral contests.